Search Results for: CHILLING EFFECT

chilling effect doctrine

glossary / , ,

chilling effect doctrine 〈美〉寒蝉原则；抑制原则 指某一法律或行为〔practice〕抑制宪法性权利〔constitutional rights〕，尤其是为美国宪法第一条修正案所保护的权利行使的倾向或后果。在美国不必然产生此种效果的制定法通常被认定并不违宪。美国最高法院大法官弗利克斯·法兰克福特〔Felix Frankfurter〕于1952年首次使用该隐喻，他在附和否决一项教师效忠宣誓〔teacher loyalty oath〕的判决意见中称，一部有关颠覆组织成员资格的法律具有「抑制」〔chill〕思想和行为自由〔freedom of thought and action〕倾向；而确切的「chilling effect」一词首先出现在美国最高法院1961年的一份判决中，由首席大法官厄尔·沃伦〔Earl Warren〕从哈佛大学法学院教授保罗·弗罗因德〔Paul Freund〕的一篇文章援引而来。此后，美国最高法院在近百起案件中运用此隐喻认定这些法律对言论自由具有「寒蝉」效果。例如，一部禁止参加某一「知名颠覆分子」〔known Subversives〕所属组织的法律，其用语太过宽泛，使得人们心存被不正当归类或因之遭受惩罚的疑虑，而怯于加入所有合法组织。换言之，为避免触犯法律，倾向于自责而不敢行使权利。

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chilling effect

glossary /

chilling effect. 1. Constitutional law. The result of a law or practice that seriously discourages the exercise of a constitutional right, such as the right to appeal or the right of free speech. 2. Broadly, the result when any practice is discouraged. — Also termed chilling bidding; chilling the bidding.

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overbreadth doctrine

glossary /

overbreadth doctrine. Constitutional law. The doctrine holding that if a statute is so broadly written that it deters free expression, then it can be struck down on its face because of its chilling effect — even if it also prohibits acts that may legitimately be forbidden. • The Supreme Court has used this doctrine to

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dombrowski doctrine

glossary /

Dombrowski doctrine. A short-lived rule that entitled a person to seek a federal-court injunction to prevent prosecution under a broad or vague state statute that affects rights guaranteed by the First Amendment. Dombrowski v. Pfister, 380 U.S. 479, 85 S.Ct. 1116 (1965). • The doctrine was greatly cut back six years after it was announced,

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